The examples start with a description of the source for the reference list, followed by examples of how the source should be referenced in the text. The author-date method is used to cite sources in the text by giving the names of the authors and the year of publication of the work.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF SOURCES IN THE TEXT AND REFERENCE LIST
The author-date method is used to cite sources in the text, giving the names of the authors and the year of publication. There are two ways to use the authors’ names in the text:
- at the end of a sentence or paragraph, after the paraphrase or quotation, the surname of the author of the source is in brackets and the year of publication.
Example: … (Nekrašas, 2004).
If an exact quotation is given in quotation marks in the text, it is preferable to include the location of the source cited (a specific page).
Example: … ‘quotation’ (Nekrašas, 2004, p. 14).
- the author is mentioned in the sentence, and the year of publication is written in brackets next to the name.
Example: Nekrašas (2004) stated that…
If an exact quotation is given in quotation marks in the text, it is preferable to indicate the location of the source.
Example: Nekrašas (2004) stated that… “the citation” (p. 14).
In the examples, these examples are given with the multiples in place of which the work should contain the required text.
Notes:
Only sources that are unavailable and relevant to the topic can be cited. When citing a source, both sources must be cited (the original source first, followed by the source in which the original source was used), for example:
In the text
… (Eberlein, 1987, as cited in Jakob et al., 2016).
In the reference list
Jacob, S., Decker, D. M., & Lugg, E. T. (2016). Ethics and law for school psychologists. John Wiley & Sons.
- When several different sources are mentioned in the same sentence, the names of the authors and the year are separated by a semicolon.
For example: this topic has been analysed by several scholars… (Baršauskienė, 2012; Barkauskas, 2009).
- When tables, figures and formulae from other sources are presented in the thesis, it is also necessary to cite the sources at the end of the titles. When tables and figures are modified and based on sources, they should indicate at the end of their titles that they are the author’s compilation of the literature sources.
For example: … (based on Gižienė, 2012; Arimavičiūtė, 2010; Sakalas, 2010).
- Electronic sources are referenced in the text according to the same rules as print sources (see examples of e-sources).
BOOKS
Examples are given where a book has a varying number of authors. This principle of listing authors according to the number of authors also applies to other sources that are authored by individuals (book chapters, articles).
Single-author book
Nekrašas, E. (2012). Filosofijos įvadas. (3-ioji patais. ir papild. laida). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras.
In the text
… (Nekrašas, 2012).
or
Nekrašas (2012) …
Two-author book
Lekavičienė, R., & Antinienė, D. (2019). Bendravimo psichologija šiuolaikiškai: žinios ir užduotys. Vaga.
In the text
… (Lekavičienė & Antinienė, 2019).
or
Lekavičienė and Antinienė (2019) …
Book by three to twenty authors
Kabašinskas, A., Kravčenkienė, V., & Šutienė, K. (2017). Matematika 1. Tiesinė algebra ir matematinė analizė: mokomoji knyga. Technologija.
In the text
… (Kabašinskas et al., 2017).
or
Kabašinskas et al. (2017) …
Note: In the text, where a source is cited by three or more authors, give only the first author’s name and “et al” in each citation, including the first, unless there is any ambiguity. To avoid ambiguity when citing similar authors, include as many authors as necessary, with the remaining authors preceded by “et al.”.
Melnikienė, R., Volkov, A., Namiotko, V., Stalgienė, A., Gapšys, A., Bogdanov, A., Laskauskienė, A., & Mikelionytė, D. (2015). Agricultural and Food Sector in Lithuania. Lietuvos agrarinės ekonomikos institutas.
In the text
… (Melnikienė et al., 2015).
or
Melnikienė et al. (2015) …
Book by twenty one or more authors
Borkowski, S., Mielczarek, K., Kurenkov, P. V, Stepanov, A. L, Gejdoš, P., Hitka, M., Potkány, M., Balalaev, A.S, Hrubec, J., Prístavka, M., Stachová, K., Stacho, Z., Konstanciak, M., Jagusiak, M., Klacková, M., Ulewicz, R., Kleszcz, D., Koszembar-W., Małgorzata, Gyurák Babeľová, Z., … Blaško, R. (2010). Toyotarity. Knowledge using in service management: monography. Instytut Wydawniczy PTM.
In the text
… (Borkowski et al., 2010).
or
Borkowski et al. (2010) …
Book without authors
Sociologija. (2004). Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas.
In the text
… (Sociologija, 2004).
Book by a collective author
Lietuvos statistikos departamentas. (2013). Lietuvos statistikos metraštis. Lietuvos statistikos departamentas.
In the text
… (Lietuvos statistikos departamentas, 2013).
or
Statistical Department of Lithuania (2013) data …
E-book with DOI number
Hafner, A., Dolbunova, E., Mazurkevich, A., Pranckėnaitė, E., & Hinz, M. (2020). Settling waterscapes in Europe: the archaeology of Neolithic and Bronze Age pile-dwellings. Propylaeum. https://doi.org/10.11588/propylaeum.714
In the text
… (Hafner et al., 2020).
or
Hafner et al. (2020) …
E-book without DOI number
Skaržauskienė, A., Mikulskienė, B., Pitrėnaitė-Žilėnienė, B., Jankauskienė, D., Štitilis, D., Štaras, K., Mačiulienė, M., Rotomskienė, R., Tamošiūnaitė, R., Pukinaitė, V., & Stokaitė, V. (2015). Integrated Transformations of E-Health: Perspectives of Stakeholders. Mykolas Romeris University. https://repository.mruni.eu/handle/007/16803
In the text
… (Skaržauskienė et al., 2015).
or
Skaržauskienė et al. (2015) …
Sotiriadis, M. (2018). The Emerald Handbook of Entrepreneurship in Tourism, Travel and Hospitality: Skills for Successful Ventures. Emerald Publishing Limited. http://search.ebscohost.com.db.kaunokolegija.lt/login.aspx?direct=true&db=e000xww&AN=1695364&site=ehost-live.
In the text
… (Sotiriadis, 2018).
or
Sotiriadis (2018) …
Chapter from the book
Kuznecovienė, J. (2004). Socialinė sąveika, grupės ir organizacijos. In Sociologija, 2004, 80-94. Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas.
In the text
… (Kuznecovienė, 2004).
or
Kuznecovienė (2004) …
McCann, P. (2008). Urban Scale Economies: Statics and Dynamics. In Contributions to Economic Analysis (Vol. 266, 31–56). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
In the text
… (McCann, 2008).
or
McCann (2008) …
Dictionaries, encyclopedias
Katkonienė, A. 2021. Socialinė atsakomybė. In Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija. Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/socialine-atsakomybe/
In the text
… (Katkonienė, 2021).
or
Katkonienė (2021) …
The Thames & Hudson dictionary of photograph. (2015). Thames and Hudson.
In the text
… (The Thames & Hudson dictionary, 2015).
or
Temzės and Hadsono žodynas (2015) …
Dissertation, research study
Butvilienė, J. (2014). Neformalusis suaugusiųjų švietimas Lietuvoje: valstybinis ir privatus mokymo sektoriai: daktaro disertacija. Vilniaus universitetas. https://talpykla.elaba.lt/elaba-fedora/objects/elaba:2120634/datastreams/MAIN/content
In the text
… (Butvilienė, 2014).
or
Butvilienė (2014) …
Šarlauskienė, L. (2012). Plagiato prevencijos geroji patirtis užsienio aukštosiose mokyklose: mokslo studija (55). [s.n.]. http://dspace.lzuu.lt/bitstream/1/2509/3/Plagiato%20prevencijos%20geroji%20patirtis1.pdf
In the text
… (Šarlauskienė, 2012).
or
Šarlauskienė (2012) …
Fortune, N. P. (2020). Prekindergarten Practitioners’ Perspectives of the Creative Curriculum for At-Risk Students [Dissertation]. Walden University. http://search.ebscohost.com.db.kaunokolegija.lt/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=ED607610&site=ehost-live.
In the text
… (Fortune, 2020).
or
Forture (2020) …
ARTICLES
Article from an e-journal with a DOI number
Brusokas, A., & Cieślikowski, K. (2017). Determinants of effective management in the sport with the use of large sport arenas in selected cities. European Journal of Service Management, 5–10. https://doi.org/10.18276/ejsm.2017.21-01
In the text
… (Brusokas & Cieślikowski, 2017).
or
Brusokas and Cieślikowski (2017) …
Mantie, R. (2013). A Comparison of “Popular Music Pedagogy” Discourses. Journal of Research in Music Education, 61(3), 334–352. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022429413497235
In the text
… (Mantie, 2013).
or
Mantie (2013) …
Article from an e-journal without a DOI number
Šalčiuvienė, T., Petkutė, E., & Dabravalskytė-Radzevičė, J. (2023). Inovacijų taikymo galimybės sveikatingumo ir SPA įmonėse Birštono ir Druskininkų kurortuose. Verslo aktualijos būsimųjų specialistų požiūriu 2023: recenzuotų straipsnių rinkinys. http://dspace.kaunokolegija.lt//handle/123456789/7127
In the text
… (Šalčiuvienė et al., 2019).
or
Šalčiuvienė et al. (2019) …
Dolez, A., Granjou, C., & Louvel, S. (2019). On the Plurality of Environmental Regimes of Anticipation: Insights from Forest Science and Management. Science & Technology Studies, 32(4), 78–96. http://search.ebscohost.com.db.kaunokolegija.lt/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=140388418&site=ehost-live
In the text
… (Dolez et al., 2019).
or
Dolez et al. (2019) …
Article from an e-journal (more than 21 authors)
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., Reynolds, R., Jenne, R., & Joseph, D. (1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77(3), 437-472. http://doi.org/fg6rf9
In the text
… (Kalnay et al., 1996).
or
Kalnay et al. (1996) …
Article from an e-journal (individual authors and groups of authors)
De Vries, R., Nieuwenhuijze, M., Buitendijk, S. E., & the members of Midwifery Science Work Group. (2013). What does it take to have a strong and independent profession of midwifery? Lessons from the Netherlands. Midwifery, 29(10), 1122-1128. https://doi.org?10.1016/j.midw.2013.07.007
In the text
… (De Vries et al., 2013).
or
De Vries et al. (2013) …
Article from a conference publication
Urbelytė, R., & Živatkauskas A. (2017). Teritorijų planavimo problemos kultūros paveldo teritorijose. Iš Inovacijų taikymas technologijose: Respublikinė mokslinė-praktinė studentų konferencija, 2017, II dalis, 61-68. Kauno kolegijos Reklamos ir studijų centras.
In the text
… (Urbelytė & Živatkauskas, 2017).
or
Urbelytė and Živatkauskas (2017) …
Petrova D., & Marcinkevičienė V. (2020). Industry 4.0 in Bulgaria – overview, analysis, application approachesd. Iš tarptautinės mokslinės-praktinės konferencijos Inovacijos leidybos, poligrafijos ir multimedijos technologijose 2020. http://ojs.kaunokolegija.lt/index.php/TMPK
In the text
… (Petrova & Marcinkevičienė, 2020).
or
Petrova and Marcinkevičienė (2020) …
EXHIBITIONS AND ARTWORKS
Exhibition
Kern, B., Long, E., Sterba, A., & Twiss-Brooks, A. (2007). The Origins of Color [Exhibition]. The John Crerar Library, Chicago, USA. https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/collex/exhibits/originsof-color/
In the text
… (Kern, Long, Sterba & Twiss-Brooks, 2007).
or
Kern, Long, Sterba and Twiss-Brooks (2007) …
Grabliauskaitė, S. (2021). Nuo portretų iki moters torsų interpretacijų [Paroda]. Kauno kolegijos biblioteka ir informacijos išteklių centras, Kaunas, Lietuva. https://biblioteka.kaunokolegija.lt/studentu-kuriniu-paroda-nuo-portretu-iki-moters-torsu-interpretaciju/
In the text
… (Grabliauskaitė, 2021).
or
Grabliauskaitė (2021) …
Design for eternity: Architectural models from the ancient Americas [Exhibition]. (2015–2016). The Met Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, United States. https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2015/design-for-eternity
In the text
… (Design for Eternity, 2015-2016).
or
Design for Eternity (2015–2016) …
Note: The curator(s) of the exhibition should be mentioned at the beginning of the bibliographic description. If the curator is unknown, the title of the exhibition should appear instead.
Page from the virtual exhibition
Kern, B., Long, E., Sterba A., & Twiss-Brooks, A. (2007). Color Theory. The Origins of Color [Exhibition]. The John Crerar Library, Chicago, USA. https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/collex/exhibits/originsof-color/color-theory/
In the text
… (Kern, Long, Sterba & Twiss-Brooks, 2007).
or
Kern, Long, Sterba and Twiss-Brooks (2007) …
Artwork
van Gogh, V. (1889). The starry night [Painting]. The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, United States. https://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/vincent-van-gogh-the-starry-night-1889/
In the text
… (van Gogh, 1889).
or
van Gogh (1889) …
Note: Metrics—a list of data about a work of art (artist’s name, gallery, artwork, graphic work, technique, etc.)—are written in the manuscript under the photograph (or other representation) of the work, in the same way as they are written under the figures in the work. Only the metrics contain the information necessary for the work. Works (i.e., metrics), like figures in a work, are not included in the reference list. If the work has been taken from a source (e.g., a book), then the source must be indicated in parentheses after the work’s metrics, and that source must be listed in the reference list.
LEGAL ACTS AND CODES OF ETHICS
Legal act
Lietuvos Respublikos autorių teisių ir gretutinių teisių įstatymas. 1999 m. gegužės 18 d. Nr. VIII-1185. Valstybės žinios, 1999-06-09, Nr. 50-1598. https://www.e-tar.lt/portal/lt/legalAct/TAR.551F0CDE5B64
In the text
… (Lietuvos Respublikos autorių teisių ir gretutinių teisių įstatymas, 1999).
or
Lietuvos Respublikos autorių teisių ir gretutinių teisių įstatyme (1999) …
Lietuvos Respublikos dokumentų ir archyvų įstatymas: 1995 m. gruodžio 5 d. Nr. I-1115. (2021). Suvestinė redakcija nuo 2021-01-01 iki 2021-12-31. https://www.e-tar.lt/portal/lt/legalAct/TAR.1FEF229DA7C6/asr
In the text
… (Lietuvos Respublikos dokumentų ir archyvų įstatymas: 1995 m. gruodžio 5 d. Nr. I-1115, 2021) Dėl Lietuvos nacionalinės informacinės visuomenės plėtros koncepcijos patvirtinimo: Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės nutarimas. 2001 m. vasario 28 d. Nr. 229. Valstybės žinios, 2001, nr. 20–652.
In the text
… (Dėl Lietuvos nacionalinės informacinės visuomenės plėtros koncepcijos patvirtinimo, 1999).
Note: Descriptions of case law and other legal documents should be prepared in accordance with the legal citation system, The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation”.
Code of Ethics
Pasaulinis turizmo etikos kodeksas: priimtas pagal rezoliuciją A/RES/406(XIII) 13-oje PTO Generalinėje asamblėjoje: (Santjagas, Čilė, 1999 m. rugsėjo 27- spalio 1 d.). (1990, 10). Valstybinis turizmo departamentas prie Ūkio ministerijos.
In the text
… (Pasaulinis turizmo etikos kodeksas, 1999).
or
In Global Tourism Code of Ethics (1999) …
TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
Standard
Lietuvos standartizacijos departamentas. (2003). Kokybės vadybos sistemos dokumentų rengimo vadovas (tpt ISO/TR 10013:2001) (2003-04-01, 24). Lietuvos standartizacijos departamentas. https://vb.kaunokolegija.lt/permalink/f/p4bb94/EBK02EBK02-000004781
In the text
… (Lietuvos standartizacijos departamentas, 2003).
or
Lithuanian Standards Board (2003) …
Patent
Baltrėnas, P., & Buckus, R. (2014). Mobiliojo telefono dėklas: patentas. Lietuvos respublikos valstybinis patentų biuras. https://www.lvb.lt/permalink/f/1470m9t/ELABAPDB4093530
In the text
… (Baltrėnas & Buckus, 2014).
or
Baltrėnas and Buckus (2014) …
STATISTICAL INFORMATION AND SCIENTIFIC DATA
Statistical information
Lietuvos statistikos departamentas. (2015). Namų ūkiai, turintys asmeninį kompiuterį, interneto prieigą Lietuva 2015. http://www.stat.gov.lt/lt/catalog/download_release/?id=3447&download=1&doc=1691
In the text
… (Lietuvos statistikos departamentas, 2015).
or
Lietuvos statistikos departamento (2015) data …
Passport. (2017). Company shares: Chocolate confectionery. Euromonitor. http://www.portal.euromonitor.com/portal/statisticsevolution/index
In the text
… (Passport, 2017).
or
Passport (2017) …
Science data
Rosier, I., Van Orshoven, J., Somers, B., & Diels, J. (2023). Dealing with Sub-pixel Landscape Elements in Distributed Rainfall-Runoff Modelling in Agricultural Catchments (Version 2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.7839923
In the text
… (Rosier et al., 2023)
or
Rosier et al. (2023) …
Eurostat. (2023 m. gegužės 31 d.). Generation of waste by waste category [Data set]. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/TEN00108/default/table?lang=en&category=env.env_was.env_wasgt
In the text
… (Eurostat, 2023)
or
Eurostat (2023) …
MAPS
Printed map
Roberts, C. W. (2005). Australia 1:100 000 geological series: Sheet 8159, Rollingstone, Queensland [Map]. Department of Natural Resources and Mines.
In the text
… (Roberts, 2005)
or
Roberts (2005) …
Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines. (2003). Australia 1:100 000 geological series: Sheet 7763, Mungana, Queensland [Map].
In the text
… (Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines, 2003).
or
Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines (2023) …
Virtual map
Geoportal. (2023). Kauno marios [Map]. Lietuvos erdvinės informacijos portalas. Paimta 2023 m. lapkričio 13 d. iš https://www.geoportal.lt/map/#s=3346&x=501627.21598237194&y=6081076.466107368&l=7&b=aerial-recent
In the text
… (Geoportal, 2023).
or
Geoportal (2023) …
Google Maps
Google. (n.d.). [Pramonės av., Kaunas „Google Mapsׅ“ map]. Retrieved December 4, 2019, from https://maps.app.goo.gl/diyxrGA1Z9ys1Tfi7
In the text
… (Google, n.d.).
or
Google (n.d.) …
WEBSITES AND SOCIAL NETWORKS
Information from institutions, organisations or other official websites
World Health Organization. (2018). The top 10 causes of death. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death
In the text
… (World Health Organization, 2018).
or
World Health Organization (2018) …
National Institute of Mental Health. (2018). Anxiety disorders. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml
In the text
… (National Institute of Mental Health, 2018).
or
National Institute of Mental Health (2018) …
Center for Bioethics. (2009). Ethics and pharmaceutical marketing. http://www.ahc.umn.edu/bioethics/research/pharm/home.html
In the text
… (Center for Bioethics, 2009).
or
Center for Bioethics (2009) …
Information from websites
Bologna, C. (2019). Why some people with anxiety love watching horror movies. HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/anxiety-love-watching-horror-movies_l_5d277587e4b02a5a5d57b59e
In the text
… (Bologna, 2019).
or
Bologna (2019) …
Note: If there is no obvious author on the website, please give the name of the website as the author. If there is no date, use (n.d.).
Information from social media
Facebook page
Socialinės apsaugos ir darbo ministerija. (n.d.). Pradžia [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved October 14, 2020, from https://www.facebook.com/socmin
In the text
… (Socialinės apsaugos ir darbo ministerija, n.d.).
or
Socialinės apsaugos ir darbo ministerija (n.d.) …
Facebook post
Lietuvos kariuomenė. (2020-04-04). Su Šv. Velykomis! [Image] [Post]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/kariuomene/photos/a.10152630510996573/10157648814691573/
In the text
… (Lietuvos kariuomenė, 2020).
or
Lietuvos kariuomenė (2020) …
Instagram
Telia Lietuva [@telialietuva]. (2021-03-12). Pažįstamas jausmas? Savaitgalį neskubėkite. Mėgaukitės kokybišku kinuTeliaLietuva #Chernobyl #HBO. [Image]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B43Cl_-J9pN/
In the text
… (Telia Lietuva, 2021).
or
Telia Lietuva (2021) …
Twitter
The New York Times [@nytimes]. (2020-05-05). If nurses aren’t safe, then really our community isn’t safe [Post]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/nytimes/status/1235686554514776065
In the text
… (The New York Times, 2020).
or
The New York Times (2020) …
Note: If social media posts, photos, etc. are the subject of the empirical study (in the analytical part of the paper), the text should contain images of such posts, photos, etc., followed by image information when presenting the results of the study. Such sources shall not be included in the reference list. For example, when analysing Facebook posts, they are described in the results of the study, but their source (the company’s Facebook page) does not need to be included in the reference list. In the text, when providing information on the analysis of the posts, under the figure (a figure may consist of several juxtaposed pictures that you want to compare), you should write the figure number and the title that best describe the image presented, as well as the source of the image and the web address (see Figure 1).
CONTENT GENERATED BY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TOOLS
AI-generated text
OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat
In the text
When writing the paper, you should include the query (question asked) to the AI tool, an exact citation of the text generated by the AI tool, and a reference to the source. If you are paraphrasing the AI text rather than providing a quotation, then the full text generated by the AI tool must be provided in the annexes.
An example of a citation
When asked “What is artificial intelligence?” ChatGPT generated the answer that “Artificial intelligence is a field of science and technology whose goal is to create computer systems that can think, understand, and perform tasks traditionally performed by humans.” (OpenAI, 2023).
An example of paraphrasing
When asked “What is artificial intelligence?” ChatGPT generated the answer that artificial intelligence is a field of science and technology concerned with the development of computer systems capable of thinking and performing tasks like humans (OpenAI, 2023).
AI-generated image
OpenAI. (2023). DALL-E (Version 2) [Large language model]. https://labs.openai.com
If you insert an image created by the AI into your work, it must be presented in accordance with the requirements of the guidelines, i.e., include the figure number and title, and write the query or question asked to the AI tool and the source link in brackets.
